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Navigating the Digital Age: Why Cybersecurity is Everyone’s Responsibility

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Navigating the Digital Age: Why Cybersecurity is Everyone’s Responsibility
By Abuh Ibrahim Sani

 Introduction

As technology continues to evolve, the significance of cybersecurity cannot be underestimated. Cyber threats continue to increase daily, with hackers developing sophisticated tools to carry out heinous acts; individuals and corporate bodies must arm themselves with the basic knowledge and tools to navigate the digital landscape safely.

The challenge of Internet security has grown significantly. Nearly everything we use, see, or come into contact with is online, including wearable technology, home appliances, cell phones, and even partially driverless cars. Businesses, governments, and other institutions may access trade secrets, medical information, and financial data remotely thanks to the Internet. This is the paradox of connectivity; the more interconnected our computer systems are, the more vulnerable they are to data theft, malware, operational disruption, and even outright physical harm to network and hardware infrastructure.

Despite the efforts of industries, corporate bodies and government to protect cyberspace, there is a greater threat which stands as the worst part of threats – the human factor and psychology. No matter the number of security devices like firewalls, intrusion detections, and intrusion prevention tools put in place by organizations can guarantee sufficient security without addressing the human element and its impact on security. The failure to consider human psychological means there is no security. There is a need for education, training, and awareness that cybersecurity is everyone’s business not the sole responsibility of IT professionals or cyber experts. It is a collective effort to protect cyberspace, data and network infrastructure. There is so much ignorance on the issue regarding cybersecurity that needs to be addressed. The absence of basic cybersecurity knowledge makes small and medium enterprises vulnerable to attacks, allowing attackers to steal from people and their assets. There should be a rigorous campaign in public gatherings such as schools, parks, etc. An effective cyberattack against one person frequently leads to a cyberattack against an organisation. Additionally, if they are not trained to recognise the telltale signs of a cyberattack, they may unintentionally allow an attacker in by the front door or rear door.

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Cybersecurity is a crucial issue in the digital age, yet its complexities can be intimidating for everyday users. This paper aims to bridge that gap by offering a clear and practical approach to cybersecurity education.

One of the main concerns in safeguarding a country’s cyber sovereignty from hostile activity is through education and awareness. This demonstrates how crucial cybersecurity education is to foster the development of a robust cybersecurity ecosystem promote cyber sovereignty create safe digital and IT infrastructure and services, protect against advanced cyberattacks, and raise people’s knowledge and maturity in cybersecurity.

Global authorities and people alike are increasingly concerned about cybersecurity resilience, especially as people’s awareness of their privacy is growing. Therefore, we assume that educating people about cybersecurity is essential to building a society and businesses that are resilient and secure online.

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Understanding Cybersecurity Basic

 In a modern world dominated by technology, the term “Cybersecurity” has become important in ensuring the integrity, confidentiality and availability of digital information. Cybersecurity can be described as the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from theft, damage, or unauthorized access. It involves developing mechanisms and strategies to defend against a diverse array of cyber threats.  In the field of cybersecurity, the biggest threat often lies not in technology, but in the human element. Despite improvements in digital security measures, social engineering attacks continue to exploit the most vulnerable part of any security system; the people who use it. These attacks underscore a significant challenge, as they involve persuading individuals to give out sensitive information or take actions that put security at risk. Cybercriminals are using more and more advanced methods, such as psychological manipulation, to get around technical defences. This study seeks to shed light on the strategies employed in social engineering attacks and highlight the significant impact of human elements in cybersecurity. By identifying and resolving these weaknesses, we can enhance the security of sensitive data and improve overall safety measures. Emphasizing human factors is not just a component of cybersecurity, but it is the key to a strong security plan.

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Why Cybersecurity Matters, Even for everyday users?

Cybersecurity might seem like a concern reserved for IT professionals, but that’s not the case. In our increasingly connected world, where our personal and professional lives rely heavily on digital tools, cybersecurity is crucial for everyone.

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We entrust a vast amount of sensitive information to online platforms, from financial records ,medical record to personal details. Unfortunately, some of these platforms don’t always have adequate security measures in place. This leaves our information vulnerable to theft and misuse. Every online interaction contributes to building our digital identity. Cybersecurity helps safeguard our privacy by protecting our accounts from unauthorized access and threats. It prevents identity theft and ensures the confidentiality of our information .

In July 2016, The DNC email leak is a prime illustration of how social engineering can result in a significant security breach. Hackers were able to access the DNC’s email system by carrying out a phishing attack. A legitimate Google security team sent an email to DNC staff members, asking them to reset their passwords. When staff clicked the link and entered their login information, they unknowingly gave hackers access to their email accounts. This incident revealed important political communications and caused significant consequences. Social engineering and the significance of securing account recovery protocols, staff training and awareness.

 

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Economic Implications of Cyber Theft

Individuals, businesses and industries are prime targets of cyber threats. For startups and multinational companies, the consequences of cyber-attacks and theft can be devasting and significant, leading to financial losses, reputational damage, and even bankruptcy in some terrible cases.

In 2021, Facebook suffered a data breach that leaked users’ information.  The breach emerged that a total of 533 million users’ personal information was compromised. The attack cost Facebook a total cost of $3.7 billion. And also, In 2017, Equifax suffered a data breach due to poor cybersecurity handling and management. The breach resulted in approximately 143 million American customers losing their personal information such as social security number, date of birth, driver’s license, addresses and other sensitive information. The company pays compensation to the tune of $ 1.3 billion as a consequence of the data breach. These losses are due to poor measures or negligence by the company which affected individuals. These examples highlight the impact of human error in cyber-attack.

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A lack of knowledge and awareness of the importance of cybersecurity has led to many losses. There is an urgent need for an aggressive campaign to educate the masses on how cyber theft can harm their lives and businesses. Business loss and data theft are on the increase daily due to ineffective policy, protection and awareness among the people, resulting in economic loss.

 

A shared Responsibility

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 Contrary to the perception and belief of the populace that cybersecurity is a thing of IT professionals, in a real sense, cybersecurity is everyone’s responsibility. Responsibilities that require the active participation of every individual who interacts in the digital world and outside the platform. Anyone can be a victim of cybercriminals, either online or offline. Every person has a role to play to have a safe cyberspace . These roles range from using a strong password for an online application or platform to knowing who you share information with and what information you share with people. Individuals and corporate bodies are responsible for securing credit cards, debit cards, and other sensitive information. Being vigilant would protect everyone and loved ones from social engineering, phishing and other forms of hackers’ tricks of obtaining information. Phishers do not use advanced technologies; instead, they take advantage of human nature to commit hacking. There is a dearth of knowledge on which ring in the information security chain is first compromised, even though people are more to blame for the chain’s fragility than technology. Research has shown that certain personality traits increase a person’s susceptibility to different types of lures.

To back up the point why cybersecurity is a shared responsibility. In 2021, a Colonial Pipeline Ransome attack resulted in a shortage of fuel across the southeastern United States. The attacker exploited a compromised password to gain access to the company network. This breach demonstrated how a weak password can lead to widespread disruptions. Also in 2020, a Zoom security incident occurred during covid-19 pandemic when a user failed to secure the meeting with a password or used public links which allowed uninvited participants to disrupt the meetings. Individuals need to comprehend and make use of security options offered by platforms, like implementing passwords for meetings and utilizing waiting areas . This scenario shows that cybersecurity is more than just technical solutions; it also involves user behaviour and awareness. Security cannot be achieved by simply installing a robust security system. Ignoring the human factor and failing to raise awareness will lead to security breaches.

 

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Social Engineering (Exploiting Human Psychology)

Social Engineering is an act of obtaining sensitive information from victims through pretence. An attacker could come as a legitimate person and obtain information without the victims verifying their identity before releasing information. Social Engineering is increasing, according to statistics due to technological advancement and attractiveness in the world. Many have fallen for social engineering attacks, and many will still be victims. There is a need for a holistic approach by government and policymakers to develop strategies on how to educate and create awareness for the masses to be aware of whom they share information with and what to share. A zero-base trust mindset should be encouraged. An organization needs to do more to train employees, both recruits and old staff, to be aware of hackers’ tricks. Hackers can pretend to be staff members of a company and come in the way of helping an employee in distress, but in a real sense, it’s an act to obtain valuable information from the staff. Hackers’ tricks involve playing with human thinking and behaviours, the act of deceiving and convincing to get sensitive information about individuals or organizations.

Social engineering is the psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. Unlike other cyber threats that depend on the use of software and online platforms and loopholes in the system, social engineering targets human elements, exploiting their weaknesses and the natural tendency to trust. This can be done offline without the use of any software. It is just a matter of technique and tactics. It is called “Master the Art”.

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In July 2020, Twitter experienced a significant breach in which numerous prominent accounts were taken over to endorse a Bitcoin scam. The attackers employed phone spear phishing to deceive Twitter employees into giving access to internal tools. They pretended to be IT department staff and persuaded employees to disclose their credentials during phone calls. Upon gaining entry, the intruders seized verified accounts of significant individuals and businesses, sharing messages requesting Bitcoin from followers with a pledge to double their investment. This event demonstrates how social engineering can be used to target insiders to access important systems.  Social engineering attacks can be carried out in different format such phishing, shoulder surfing, malware, phone, social media chat, ransomware, malware, eavesdropping. These are easy because of human error and behaviour toward their information security.

Information security is everyone’s business, it’s your primary responsibility to protect your data from being compromised and stolen. Hackers are aware that human beings are the easier target so they leverage the emotional state, negligence, carelessness, and ignorance to steal information. Many are victims of social engineering and many will still fall because people tend to forget the basic principles of security. It’s human nature, however, all hope is not lost if you take precautionary measures to protect yourself and your organization. Companies with sophisticated security appliances have been hacked due to human error.  Protect your password like your life, no one should have access to your password even if the person is the IT of your company. Remember, the protection of your information is your responsibility. No security measure can prevent your data from being stolen if you give free access to the attacker.  In simple interpretation, if you leave your door open without locking it, you will know what the outcome would be.

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Storm at NSITF as ₦297bn Workers’ Fund Allegations Trail MD/CEO Oluwaseun Mayomi Faleye

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Fresh allegations of large-scale financial irregularities, abuse of office, and governance breakdown have engulfed the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF), following a series of petitions by the Arewa Revival Project, a civic accountability and good-governance advocacy group, calling for urgent investigations into the activities of the Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Oluwaseun Mayomi Faleye.

The group has formally written to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), the Office of the Auditor-General of the Federation, the Federal Ministry of Finance under the Whistleblower Policy, the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, the NSITF Management Board, as well as organised labour bodies, including the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) and the Trade Union Congress (TUC).

At the centre of the controversy are allegations involving the management of approximately ₦297,019,145,288.60 in workers’ funds collected under the Employees’ Compensation Act (ECA) between January 2 and October 9, 2025.

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Workers’ Funds, Not Government Revenue

The Employees’ Compensation Scheme is funded through compulsory employer contributions of one per cent of payroll, designed to provide compensation to Nigerian workers who suffer injury, disability, or death in the course of employment.

According to multiple senior NSITF officials cited in investigative reports, the funds administered by NSITF are not government revenue, but trust funds belonging exclusively to Nigerian workers.

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“This is not government money. This is workers’ money, contributed mandatorily under the law,” one senior official was quoted as saying. “Every kobo is supposed to be protected by layers of checks and balances.”

₦243.2bn Allegedly Spent Without Board Approval

Documents reviewed by investigators indicate that out of the total inflow of ₦297,019,145,288.60, expenditures amounting to ₦243,203,518,621.17 were recorded within the same period.

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Multiple sources allege that a significant portion of this expenditure was carried out without the approval of the NSITF Management Board, in violation of the NSITF Act and existing federal financial regulations.

Officials familiar with the records described the development as a “complete collapse of safeguards” meant to protect workers’ funds.

‘No Approval Limit’ Resolution Raises Alarm

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Central to the allegations is an internal document dated March 4, 2025, reportedly extracted from the minutes of the 46th Executive Committee (EXCO) meeting of NSITF, chaired by Mr. Faleye.

According to the document, financial approval limits were set as follows:

  • Other General Managers: ₦25,000
  • General Manager (Finance): ₦50,000
  • Other Executive Directors: ₦750,000
  • Executive Director (Finance and Investment): ₦1,000,000

However, under the same resolution, the Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer allegedly approved “no limit” for his own spending authority.

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Sources allege that this effectively granted Mr. Faleye unrestricted powers to approve payments of any amount without recourse to the Board or external oversight.

“He simply wrote and signed a document granting himself ‘No Approval Limit’,” a senior official disclosed. “There is absolutely no legal basis for this in the NSITF Act or federal financial regulations.”

Under existing federal thresholds, Managing Directors of government parastatals are reportedly capped at ₦30 million for works and ₦10 million for goods and services, subject to board oversight.

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Over 100 Bank Accounts Linked to One BVN

Perhaps the most startling allegation involves the operation of over 100 bank accounts allegedly linked to a single Bank Verification Number (BVN) belonging to Mr. Faleye.

Documents reportedly show that the BVN, registered on June 10, 2015, with Guaranty Trust Bank, Ajose Adeogun Branch, is associated with numerous accounts, some of which allegedly received funds traceable to NSITF operations.

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“The scale is staggering,” one insider said. “You don’t run over 100 accounts accidentally. This points to systematic structuring.”

$7.3m and Hundreds of Millions of Naira Traced

In a separate document obtained by investigators, alleged inflows of millions of dollars and hundreds of millions of naira were traced to accounts linked to Mr. Faleye and entities reportedly associated with him.

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The transactions listed include:

  • Faleye Oluwaseun Mayomisola, GTBank USD Account 0111206422 – $336,917.00
  • Faleye Oluwaseun Mayomisola, GTBank USD Account 0004754113 – $6,743,421.00
  • Faleye Oluwaseun Mayomisola, GTBank NGN Account 0004754096 – ₦291,182,605.00
  • Fides & Fiducia Client Account, Access Bank NGN Account 0718896883 – ₦584,950,000.00
  • Fides & Fiducia, Access Bank USD Account 0690403396 – $626,279.00
  • Fides & Fiducia, Zenith Bank NGN Account 1013806407 – ₦93,757,500.00
  • Pluschess Limited, Zenith Bank USD Account 071315271 – $20,000.00
  • Faleye Oluwaseun Mayomisola, GTBank USD Account 3001101016 – $75,558.00

The total dollar inflow alone is estimated at over $7.3 million, excluding naira-denominated transactions.

“These are not small transfers,” a source familiar with the documents said. “The volume, frequency, and structuring suggest deliberate efforts to move and possibly conceal funds.”

₦5.53bn Commission Payments Questioned

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Further allegations relate to commission payments totalling ₦5,533,517,486.90, allegedly approved and paid without the consent of the NSITF Management Board or the supervising Ministry.

The payments reportedly include:

  • ₦1,379,186,010.00 – Assurance Services ST ADBA Ltd (09/10/2025)
  • ₦865,000,000.00 – TAGG Global Resources Ltd (18/03/2025)
  • ₦683,777,666.40 – Rate Seal Support & Project Ltd (17/09/2025)
  • ₦659,303,810.50 – Rate Seal Support & Project Ltd (16/05/2025)
  • ₦648,750,000.00 – Rate Gold Solution Nig Ltd (16/05/2025)
  • ₦648,750,000.00 – Gold Solution Nig Ltd (01/08/2025)
  • ₦648,750,000.00 – TAGG Global Resources Ltd (01/08/2025)

Sources allege that the commissions ranged between 15 per cent and 20 per cent, and were paid without lawful authority.

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Board Absence and Governance Vacuum

Mr. Faleye was appointed Managing Director in July 2023, while the NSITF Management Board was reportedly not constituted until around January 2025, creating a governance gap of over one year.

“The Act expressly forbids Executive Management from spending funds without board approval,” a top official explained. “If there is no board, spending should not take place.”

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Arewa Revival Project Condemns Alleged Acts

Reacting to the allegations, the Arewa Revival Project, under the leadership of Hon. Muttakka Ahmed Ibrahim, condemned the alleged acts, describing them as a grave betrayal of public trust if proven.

The group called on President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, as well as all relevant anti-corruption and regulatory authorities, to urgently investigate the allegations to protect workers’ funds and restore confidence in public institutions.

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Responses from Officials

When contacted, Mr. Faleye reportedly stated that he was not aware of the allegations. However, when questioned about the dollar accounts and alleged inflows of over $7.3 million, he reportedly ended the call abruptly.

The Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Labour, Mr. Salihu Usman, reportedly denied prior knowledge of the alleged transactions, while the Chairman of the NSITF Board, Mr. Shola Olofin, requested time to verify the claims.

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Presumption of Innocence

All allegations remain unproven and subject to investigation. Analysts note that the unfolding developments represent a major test of Nigeria’s public finance accountability framework, particularly in institutions entrusted with workers’ welfare.

As investigations commence, millions of Nigerian workers await answers over the safety of funds meant to protect them in times of injury, disability, and loss.

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Adamawa Business School Hosts Workshop on New Tax Reform Law

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Adamawa Business School Hosts Workshop on New Tax Reform Law

Adamawa Business School Hosts Workshop on New Tax Reform Law

By Ibrahim Abubakar Jimeta

The Adamawa Business School (ABS) has organised a high-level training and sensitisation workshop on the New Tax Reform Law in Nigeria, aimed at enhancing understanding of recent fiscal reforms and strengthening public sector administration in Adamawa State.

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The workshop, held in collaboration with the Office of the Head of the Civil Service of Adamawa State and supported by the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), brought together Permanent Secretaries, senior public servants, tax officials, and policy experts to examine the implications of the new tax framework for governance and fiscal sustainability.

Speaking during the opening session, the Co-Founder of Adamawa Business School, Mallam Jamilu Yusuf, described the workshop as a strategic intervention designed to bridge knowledge gaps and improve policy implementation within Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs).

Yusuf explained that the engagement was organised under the school’s Public Policy Support Initiative, a non-profit platform that provides research, training, and capacity development support to government institutions. He noted that Nigeria’s evolving tax landscape, driven by Finance Acts, administrative reforms, and digital innovations, requires senior public officials to be well-informed in order to translate policy into effective practice.

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According to him, Permanent Secretaries and top civil servants play a crucial role in ensuring compliance and successful implementation of tax reforms at the sub-national level, stressing that inadequate understanding of tax laws often creates implementation challenges that negatively affect citizens and institutions.
He reaffirmed Adamawa Business School’s commitment to supporting the state government through policy-focused learning, dialogue, and partnerships that promote transparency, fiscal sustainability, and improved service delivery.

In his remarks, the Head of the Adamawa State Civil Service, Isa Shehu Ardo, mni, emphasised the importance of equipping senior public servants with a clear understanding of the new tax laws. He noted that Permanent Secretaries, as the most senior career officers in the public service, must fully comprehend the reforms in order to guide implementation and avoid difficulties that often arise from poor information and limited awareness.

Delivering the welcome address on behalf of the Office of the Head of Civil Service, the Permanent Secretary, Establishment and Training, Fabian S. Wambai, commended Adamawa Business School for organising the workshop as part of its corporate social responsibility.
Wambai described the new national tax law as a major reform with far-reaching implications for public finance, compliance, and economic stability. He said the workshop provided a valuable opportunity for Permanent Secretaries, as accounting officers and senior administrators, to deepen their understanding of the law and its impact on government operations and engagements with the private sector.

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He urged participants to actively engage in discussions, interact with resource persons, and leverage the knowledge gained to strengthen institutional compliance, improve advisory roles to political leadership, and promote transparent and accountable governance.

The workshop featured sessions led by experienced tax professionals, focusing on the provisions of the new tax reform law, its implications for public financial management, and strategies for effective collaboration between federal and state institutions.

Participants expressed optimism that the training would enhance policy implementation, reduce administrative challenges, and contribute to a more efficient and fiscally informed public service in Adamawa State.

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Noble Ladies Champion Women’s Financial Independence at Grand Inauguration in Abuja

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Women from diverse backgrounds across Nigeria and beyond gathered at the Art and Culture Auditorium, Abuja, for the inauguration and convention of the Noble Ladies Association. The event, led by the association’s Founder and “visionary and polished Queen Mother,” Mrs. Margaret Chigozie Mkpuma, was a colourful display of feminine elegance, empowerment, and ambition.

The highly anticipated gathering, attended by over 700 members and counting, reflected the association’s mission to help women realise their potential while shifting mindsets away from dependency and over-glamorization of the ‘white collar job.’ According to the group, progress can be better achieved through innovation and creativity. “When a woman is able to earn and blossom on her own she has no reason to look at herself as a second fiddle,” the association stated.

One of the association’s standout initiatives is its women-only investment platform, which currently offers a minimum entry of ₦100,000 with a return of ₦130,000 over 30 days—an interest rate of 30 percent. Some members invest as much as ₦1 million, enjoying the same return rate. Mrs. Mkpuma explained that the scheme focuses on women because “women bear the greater brunt of poverty” and the platform seeks “to offer equity in the absence of economic equality.”

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Education is also central to the Noble Ladies’ mission, regardless of age. Their mantra, “start again from where you stopped,” encourages women to return to school or upgrade their skills at any stage in life. The association believes that financial stability is vital in protecting women from cultural practices that dispossess widows of their late husbands’ assets, while also enabling them to raise morally and socially grounded families.

Founded on the vision of enhancing women’s skills and achieving financial stability, the association rests on a value system that discourages pity and promotes purpose. “You have a purpose and you build on that purpose to achieve great potentials and emancipation,” Mrs. Mkpuma said.

A criminologist by training and entrepreneur by practice, she cautions against idleness while waiting for formal employment. “There are billions in the informal and non-formal sectors waiting to be made,” she said, rejecting the “new normal of begging” and urging people to “be more introspective to find their purpose in life and hold on to it.”

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Mrs. Mkpuma’s management style keeps members actively engaged, focusing on vocational skills and training to prepare them for competitive markets. She is exploring “innovative integration of uncommon technologies” and is already in talks with international franchises to invest in Nigeria, with Noble Ladies as first beneficiaries.

The association’s core values include mutual respect, innovation, forward-thinking, equal opportunity, and financial emancipation. With plans underway to establish a secretariat in the heart of Abuja, the group aims to expand its impact.

The event drew high-profile guests, including former Inspector General of Police, Mike Okiro, and a host of VIPs, marking a significant milestone in the association’s drive for women’s empowerment.

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