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Cuban missile crisis: 13 days when nuclear war threatened
Sixty years ago the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear war.
Here is a look at how the standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union unfolded:
– Missiles deployed –
On May 21, 1962, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decides to place medium- and intermediate-range nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba, Moscow’s communist ally in the Caribbean.
He justifies the decision by the fact that Cold War rival the United States could deploy nuclear weapons from NATO member Turkey, which bordered the then Soviet Union.
On September 4, US President John F. Kennedy warns that the “gravest consequences” will follow if significant Soviet offensive weapons are introduced into Cuba.
On October 14, a US U2 spy plane confirms that Soviet missiles were being deployed on Cuba, a mere 145 kilometres (90 miles) from the coast of Florida, and therefore within striking range of northeastern cities.
– 13-day crisis –
For 13 days a terrifying game of geo-political poker pits the young Kennedy against the fiery Khrushchev.
On October 16, Kennedy is briefed on a spy plane’s high-resolution photos. He weighs whether to order a naval blockade or an invasion.
The next day US military units begin moving to bases in the southeastern United States as intelligence photos from another U-2 flight show additional sites, and 16 to 32 missiles.
– Cuba under ‘quarantine’ –
On October 22 Kennedy writes to Khrushchev.
“I have not assumed that you or any other sane man would in this nuclear age, deliberately plunge the world into war which it is crystal clear no country could win and which could only result in catastrophic consequences to the whole world, including the aggressor,” he writes.
That evening he speaks on television and announces the establishment of a naval “quarantine” or blockade around Cuba and orders preparations for a landing on the island.
The Organization of American States backs Washington.
The next day ships of the naval quarantine fleet move into place around Cuba.
Four nuclear-armed Soviet submarines move into the Caribbean.
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Soviet freighters bound for Cuba with military supplies freeze their positions.
Khrushchev protests in a letter to Kennedy “You are no longer appealing to reason, but wish to intimidate us.”
The military of the Soviet Union and its eastern bloc allies are put on alert.
On October 26, Cuban leader Fidel Castro urges Khrushchev to initiate a nuclear first strike against the United States in the event of a US invasion of Cuba.
In a letter to Kennedy, Khrushchev proposes removing Soviet missiles and personnel if the United States guarantees not to invade Cuba.
– Spy plane shot down –
The next day a US U-2 spy plane is shot down over Cuba, killing its pilot, Rudolph Anderson, who becomes the sole fatality of the crisis.
Kennedy receives a new letter from Khrushchev demanding the removal of US missiles in Turkey in exchange for the removal of the Soviet missiles. Kennedy promises not to invade Cuba and to lift the blockade if the missiles are removed.
On October 28, Khrushchev backs down, agreeing to dismantle the installations and return the missiles to the Soviet Union, ending the crisis.
In an additional secret agreement, the United States agrees to eventually remove its Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
On November 20 Kennedy lifts the Cuba blockade.
– The aftermath –
The next year a “hotline” is set to link the US and Soviet leaders by telex. Up to then they had only communicated via their respective ambassadors.
Sixteen months earlier, in February 1962, following Cuba’s expropriations of US companies, Kennedy had imposed a strict economic and financial embargo on the island.
It would take another half a century for US President Barack Obama and Cuban leader Raul Castro in December 2014 to announce the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
Headlines
Adamawa Business School Hosts Workshop on New Tax Reform Law
Adamawa Business School Hosts Workshop on New Tax Reform Law
By Ibrahim Abubakar Jimeta
The Adamawa Business School (ABS) has organised a high-level training and sensitisation workshop on the New Tax Reform Law in Nigeria, aimed at enhancing understanding of recent fiscal reforms and strengthening public sector administration in Adamawa State.
The workshop, held in collaboration with the Office of the Head of the Civil Service of Adamawa State and supported by the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), brought together Permanent Secretaries, senior public servants, tax officials, and policy experts to examine the implications of the new tax framework for governance and fiscal sustainability.
Speaking during the opening session, the Co-Founder of Adamawa Business School, Mallam Jamilu Yusuf, described the workshop as a strategic intervention designed to bridge knowledge gaps and improve policy implementation within Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs).
Yusuf explained that the engagement was organised under the school’s Public Policy Support Initiative, a non-profit platform that provides research, training, and capacity development support to government institutions. He noted that Nigeria’s evolving tax landscape, driven by Finance Acts, administrative reforms, and digital innovations, requires senior public officials to be well-informed in order to translate policy into effective practice.
According to him, Permanent Secretaries and top civil servants play a crucial role in ensuring compliance and successful implementation of tax reforms at the sub-national level, stressing that inadequate understanding of tax laws often creates implementation challenges that negatively affect citizens and institutions.
He reaffirmed Adamawa Business School’s commitment to supporting the state government through policy-focused learning, dialogue, and partnerships that promote transparency, fiscal sustainability, and improved service delivery.
In his remarks, the Head of the Adamawa State Civil Service, Isa Shehu Ardo, mni, emphasised the importance of equipping senior public servants with a clear understanding of the new tax laws. He noted that Permanent Secretaries, as the most senior career officers in the public service, must fully comprehend the reforms in order to guide implementation and avoid difficulties that often arise from poor information and limited awareness.
Delivering the welcome address on behalf of the Office of the Head of Civil Service, the Permanent Secretary, Establishment and Training, Fabian S. Wambai, commended Adamawa Business School for organising the workshop as part of its corporate social responsibility.
Wambai described the new national tax law as a major reform with far-reaching implications for public finance, compliance, and economic stability. He said the workshop provided a valuable opportunity for Permanent Secretaries, as accounting officers and senior administrators, to deepen their understanding of the law and its impact on government operations and engagements with the private sector.
He urged participants to actively engage in discussions, interact with resource persons, and leverage the knowledge gained to strengthen institutional compliance, improve advisory roles to political leadership, and promote transparent and accountable governance.
The workshop featured sessions led by experienced tax professionals, focusing on the provisions of the new tax reform law, its implications for public financial management, and strategies for effective collaboration between federal and state institutions.
Participants expressed optimism that the training would enhance policy implementation, reduce administrative challenges, and contribute to a more efficient and fiscally informed public service in Adamawa State.
Headlines
Noble Ladies Champion Women’s Financial Independence at Grand Inauguration in Abuja
Women from diverse backgrounds across Nigeria and beyond gathered at the Art and Culture Auditorium, Abuja, for the inauguration and convention of the Noble Ladies Association. The event, led by the association’s Founder and “visionary and polished Queen Mother,” Mrs. Margaret Chigozie Mkpuma, was a colourful display of feminine elegance, empowerment, and ambition.
The highly anticipated gathering, attended by over 700 members and counting, reflected the association’s mission to help women realise their potential while shifting mindsets away from dependency and over-glamorization of the ‘white collar job.’ According to the group, progress can be better achieved through innovation and creativity. “When a woman is able to earn and blossom on her own she has no reason to look at herself as a second fiddle,” the association stated.
One of the association’s standout initiatives is its women-only investment platform, which currently offers a minimum entry of ₦100,000 with a return of ₦130,000 over 30 days—an interest rate of 30 percent. Some members invest as much as ₦1 million, enjoying the same return rate. Mrs. Mkpuma explained that the scheme focuses on women because “women bear the greater brunt of poverty” and the platform seeks “to offer equity in the absence of economic equality.”
Education is also central to the Noble Ladies’ mission, regardless of age. Their mantra, “start again from where you stopped,” encourages women to return to school or upgrade their skills at any stage in life. The association believes that financial stability is vital in protecting women from cultural practices that dispossess widows of their late husbands’ assets, while also enabling them to raise morally and socially grounded families.
Founded on the vision of enhancing women’s skills and achieving financial stability, the association rests on a value system that discourages pity and promotes purpose. “You have a purpose and you build on that purpose to achieve great potentials and emancipation,” Mrs. Mkpuma said.
A criminologist by training and entrepreneur by practice, she cautions against idleness while waiting for formal employment. “There are billions in the informal and non-formal sectors waiting to be made,” she said, rejecting the “new normal of begging” and urging people to “be more introspective to find their purpose in life and hold on to it.”
Mrs. Mkpuma’s management style keeps members actively engaged, focusing on vocational skills and training to prepare them for competitive markets. She is exploring “innovative integration of uncommon technologies” and is already in talks with international franchises to invest in Nigeria, with Noble Ladies as first beneficiaries.
The association’s core values include mutual respect, innovation, forward-thinking, equal opportunity, and financial emancipation. With plans underway to establish a secretariat in the heart of Abuja, the group aims to expand its impact.
The event drew high-profile guests, including former Inspector General of Police, Mike Okiro, and a host of VIPs, marking a significant milestone in the association’s drive for women’s empowerment.
Headlines
NEPZA, FCT agree to create world-class FTZ environment
The Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority (NEPZA) has stepped in to resolve the dispute between the Federal Capital Territory Administration and the Abuja Technology Village (ATV), a licensed Free Trade Zone, over the potential revocation of the zone’s land title.
Dr. Olufemi Ogunyemi, the Managing Director of NEPZA, urged ATV operators and investors to withdraw the lawsuit filed against the FCT administration immediately to facilitate a roundtable negotiation.
Dr. Ogunyemi delivered the charge during a courtesy visit to the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Barrister Nyesom Wike, on Thursday in Abuja.
You will recall that the ATV operators responded to the revocation notice issued by the FCT administration with a lawsuit.
Dr. Ogunyemi stated that the continued support for the growth of the Free Trade Zones Scheme would benefit the nation’s economy and the FCT’s development, emphasizing that the FCT administration recognized the scheme’s potential to accelerate industrialisation.
Dr. Ogunyemi, also the Chief Executive Officer of NEPZA, expressed his delight at the steps taken by the FCT minister to expand the economic frontier of the FCT through the proposed Abuja City Walk (ACW) project.
Dr. Ogunyemi further explained that the Authority was preparing to assess all the 63 licensed Free Trade Zones across the country with the view to vetting their functionality and contributions to the nation’s Foreign Direct Investment and export drives.
“I have come to discuss with His Excellency, the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory on the importance of supporting the ATV to succeed while also promoting the development of the Abuja City Walk project. We must work together to achieve this for the good of our nation,” he said.
On his part, the FCT Minister reiterated his unflinching determination to work towards President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s Renewed Hope Agenda by bringing FDI to the FCT.
“We must fulfil Mr. President’s promises regarding industrialization, trade, and investment. In this context, the FCT will collaborate with NEPZA to review the future of ATV, a zone that was sponsored and supported by the FCT administration,” Wike said.
Barrister Wike also said that efforts were underway to fast-track the industrialisation process of the territory with the construction of the Abuja City Walk.
The minister further said the Abuja City Walk project was planned to cover over 200 hectares in the Abuja Technology Village corridor along Airport Road.
According to him, the business ecosystem aimed to create a lively, mixed-use urban center with residential, commercial, retail, hospitality, medical, and institutional facilities.
He added that the ACW would turn out to be a high-definition and world-class project that would give this administration’s Renewed Hope Agenda true meaning in the North-Central Region of the country.
Barrister Wike also indicated his continued pursuit of land and property owners who failed to fulfil their obligations to the FCT in his determination to develop the territory.
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